Role of ghrelin in reproduction

Ghrelin, the endogenous ligand of GH secretagogue receptor type I a, has emerged as a pleiotropic modulator of diverse biological functions, including energy homeostasis and, lately reproduction. Here, we review recent reports evaluating the reproductive effects and sites of action of ghrelin, with particular emphasis regarding its role as a molecule integrating reproductive function and energy status. Data gleaned from rodent studies clearly show that besides having direct gonadal effects, ghrelin may participate in the regulation of gonadotropin secretion and it may influence the timing of puberty. In addition, experimental data showing that ghrelin and/or its receptor are expressed in normal human ovary and testis as well as in human ovarian and testicular tumors raise the possibility that the ghrelin system may be involved in the control of cell proliferation in these tumors. We propose that ghrelin either acting as an endocrine and/or paracrine signal may play a major role in the endocrine network that integrates energy balance and reproduction.