Next generation, sequentially assembled ultrathin films: beyond electrostatics

Over the last 15 years, the layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly technology has proven to be a versatile method for surface modification. This approach is likely to find widespread application because of its simplicity and versatility; however, the conventional use of highly charged materials with limited responsive behaviour presents some key limitations. In this tutorial review, the formation of multilayer thin films prepared through non-electrostatic interactions is reviewed. We discuss the assembly of films via a number of different methodologies, with particular emphasis on those that provide enhanced orientational control, stimuli-responsive behaviour, and improved film stability.