Viologens as components of supramolecular structures

In the paper the introduction pointing out the important role of viologens is followed by two chapters concerning rotaxanes with a thread incorporating viologens, and those with a ring built from viologens. In the next two chapters dendrimers containing viologens as a core and those with viologens localized in their apical positions are presented. The fifth chapter deals with cucurbiturils and calixarenes noncovalently bonding viologen units. The final chapter shows other viologen containing compounds; it mainly concerns assemblies of their nanostructured films.