Effect of feeding silages or carrots as supplements to laying hens on production performance, nutrient digestibility, gut structure, gut microflora and feather pecking behaviour

1. An experiment was carried out to examine the suitability of using maize silage, barley-pea silage and carrots as foraging materials for egg-laying hens. Production performance, nutrient digestibility, gastrointestinal characteristics, including the composition of the intestinal microflora as well as feather pecking behaviour were the outcome variables. 2. The protein content of the foraging material ( g/kg DM) was on average 69 g in carrots, 94 g in maize silage and 125 g in barley - pea silage. The starch content was highest in the maize silage ( 312 g/kg DM), and the content of non-starch polysaccharides ( NSP) varied from 196 to 390 g/kg, being lowest in carrots. Sugars were just traceable in the silages, whereas carrots contained on average 496 g/kg DM. 3. Egg production was highest in hens fed either carrots or maize silage, whereas hens fed barley - pea silage produced less ( 219 vs. 208). Although the consumption of foraging material was high ( 33, 35 and 48% of the total feed intake on 'as fed' basis for maize silage, barley - pea silage and carrots, respectively) only a minor effect on nitrogen corrected apparent metabolisable energy ( AME(n)) and apparent digestibility was seen. At 53 weeks of age, hens fed maize silage had AMEn and apparent digestibility values close to the control group ( 12.61 and 12.82, respectively), whereas access to barley - pea silage and carrots resulted in slightly lower values ( 12.36 and 12.42, respectively). Mortality was reduced dramatically in the three groups given supplements ( 0.5 to 2.5%) compared to the control group ( 15.2%). 4. Hens receiving silage had greater relative gizzard weights than the control or carrot-fed groups. At 53 weeks of age, the gizzard-content pH of hens receiving silage was about 0.7 to 0.9 units lower than that of the control or carrot-fed hens. Hens fed both types of silage had higher concentrations of lactic acid ( 15.6 vs. 3.2 mu moles/g) and acetic acid ( 3.6 vs. 6.1 mu moles/g) in the gizzard contents than the other two groups. The dietary supplements had a minor effect on the composition of the intestinal microflora of the hens. 5. Access to all three types of supplements decreased damaging pecking in general ( to feathers as well as skin/cloaca), reduced severe feather pecking behaviour and improved the quality of the plumage at 54 weeks of age. 6. In conclusion, access to different types of foraging material such as silages and carrots improved animal welfare.