Environmental fate and toxicology of fipronil

Fipronil is a relatively new insecticide that controls a broad spectrum of insects at low field application rates. It is a '' new generation '' insecticide because its mode of action, interference with the normal function of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-gated channels, differs from the classical insecticides, such as organophosphates and carbamates, to which some insects have developed resistance. Fipronil is extensively used throughout the world and numerous studies have evaluated its toxicity and environmental fate. However, a concise review summarizing and combining the recent scientific findings available in the scientific literature is lacking even though the pesticide has been found to be highly toxic to some aquatic organisms. Thus, this document evaluates, summarizes, and combines important toxicological and environmental fate information from recent scientific articles and other literature to produce a detailed review of fipronil. (c) Pesticide Science Society of Japan.