The mathematical procedure of coarse graining: From Grad's ten-moment equations to hydrodynamics

We employ systematic coarse graining techniques to derive hydrodynamic equations from Grad's ten-moment equations. The coarse graining procedure is designed such that it manifestly preserves the thermodynamic structure of the equations. The relevant thermodynamic structure and the coarse graining recipes suggested by statistical mechanics are described in detail and are illustrated by the example of hydrodynamics. A number of mathematical challenges associated with structure-preserving coarse graining of evolution equations for thermodynamic systems as a generalization of Hamiltonian dynamic systems are presented. Coarse graining is a key step that should always be considered before attempting to solve an equation.