Color-tunable, aggregation-induced emission of a butterfly-shaped molecule comprising a pyran skeleton and two cholesteryl wings

A chiral pyran derivative containing two cholesteryl groups (1) is synthesized, and its optical properties are investigated. Whereas the isolated molecule of 1 is virtually nonluminescent in dilute solutions, it becomes highly emissive with a 2 orders of magnitude increase in fluorescence quantum yield upon aggregation in poor solvents or in solid state, showing a novel phenomenon of aggregation-induced emission (AIE). The color and efficiency of the AIE of 1 can be tuned by varying the morphology of its aggregates: photoluminescence of its aggregates formed in a tetrahydrofuran/water mixture progressively red-shifts (green -> yellow -> red) with increasing water content of the mixture, with the crystalline aggregates emitting bluer lights in higher efficiencies than their amorphous counterparts.