Case definition, Aetiology and Risk assessment of Early Childhood Caries (ECC): A revisited review

Aim: To provide a review of the existing literature on early childhood caries (ECC) with particular reference on the nomenclature, case definition, epidemiology, aetiology and risk assessment. Methods: An electronic search was used to identify and critically review papers that have been published and are pertinent to the above issues, and then evaluate and compile the reported evidence. Results: The term ECC has been adopted to more accurately describe dental caries that affects primary dentitions, replacing previously used terminology that associated the disease with the nursing habit. Suggested ECC case definition uses caries patterns as defining criteria, however, further refinement to include different clinical expressions of a varying severity is necessary. Significant percentages of preschool child populations are affected by ECC today, with the disease concentrating disproportionately in deprived families. Early colonization by mutans streptococci (MS) is associated with increased ECC development, with bacteria being transmitted in both vertically and horizontally. Dietary factors related to sugar consumption predispose to early MS colonization and establishment and increase the risk for ECC development, being part of the causal chain. Inappropriate bottle and breast-feeding behaviours also increase the risk, without showing a direct causal relationship. High risk children belong to ethnic minority groups and to low income families with poor parental behaviours and attitudes. Conclusions: Further high-quality studies are needed to explore the role bacteria other than MS may play in caries initiation and progression, elucidate the interaction of the saliva immune defense system with a potentially defective tooth, and investigate the effect distant behavioural factors have on the causal chain that leads to ECC development.