Eruptive history of an alkali basaltic diatreme from Elie Ness, Fife, Scotland

The Elie Ness diatreme (Fife, Scotland) is an ideal place to study the internal architecture and emplacement processes of diatremes. Elie Ness is one of approximately 100 alkali basaltic diatremes and intrusions in the East Fife area, emplaced during Upper Carboniferous to Early Permian times into an extensive rift system in the northern Variscan foreland. Within the diatreme, seven lithofacies and three lithofacies associations (LFAs 1-3) are recognised. Field, petrographic and geochemical studies demonstrate that the diatreme experienced a protracted history of eruption and infill, initially driven by volatile expansion and later by magma-water interaction. Massive lapilli tuffs of LFA 1 contain abundant highly vesicular juvenile scoria and magma-coated clasts, which are best explained by a magmatic origin for the early explosive eruptions. On a large-scale, the tuffs are well mixed and locally exhibit small-scale degassing structures attributed to fluidisation processes occurring within the diatreme fill. The occurrence of abundant volcaniclastic autoliths and megablocks within LFA 1 can be explained by subsidence of volcaniclastic strata from the maar crater and upper diatreme during emplacement. Pyroclastic density current deposits of LFA 2 form a series of continuous sheets across the diatreme, some of which may have originated from phreatomagmatic explosions in a neighbouring vent. We attribute the overall bedding pattern to a combination of primary volcanic processes and post-depositional folding related to movement along an adjacent fault. Minor steeply inclined breccias and tuffs of LFA 3 cross-cut the LFA 2 succession and are interpreted as late-stage volcaniclastic dykes and conduits, signalling the final phase of eruptive activity at Elie Ness. The study offers new insights into the volcanic evolution of diatremes fed by low viscosity, alkali-rich magmas.