Obstructive Sleep Apnea and Bruxism in Children

Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is common in childhood. Current epidemiologic data have shown that snoring occurs in 7% to as much as 30% of school-aged children. The most common cause of OSA in pediatric patients is hypertrophy of the tonsils or adenoids. Nonetheless, various factors are involved in upper airway obstruction during sleep in children. Craniofacial structure and function of the upper airway musculature are extensively involved in airflow dynamics. Conversely, obstructive upper airway disease can contribute to abnormalities in craniofacial structure and function. This article focuses on differences between upper airway function in children and adults, factors that predispose children to OSA, and treatment options. Bruxism, jaw clenching, and rhythmic mandibular thrusting have been associated with OSA in children, and the frequency and prevalence of these findings are discussed.