Differentiating ascending vestibular pathways to the cortex involved in spatial cognition

Vestibular information is an important factor in maintaining accurate spatial awareness. Yet, each of the cortical areas involved in processing vestibular information has unique functionality. Further, the anatomical pathways that provide vestibular input for cognitive processes are also distinct. This review outlines some of the current understanding of vestibular pathways contributing to the perception of self-motion in the cortex. The vestibulo-thalamic pathway is associated with self-motion cues for updating motor behaviors, spatial representations, and self versus object motion distinctions. The mammillo-tegmental pathway supplies vestibular input to create a cognitive representation of head direction. Self-motion and head direction information then converge to define self-location. By outlining the functional anatomy of the vestibular cortical pathways, a multi-sensory and multi-faceted view of vestibular related spatial awareness emerges.