Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation Enhances Cognitive Control During Emotion Regulation

Background: The ability to cognitively control emotions is critical for mental health. Previous studies have identified the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dIPFC) as a core region in cognitive reappraisal. However, there is only scarce evidence whether directly modulating dIPFC activity results in improved capacities for cognitive reappraisal. Objective: In this study, we used anodal transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) over the right dIPFC to investigate the effects of increased dIPFC excitability on cognitive reappraisal as indexed by subjective emotional arousal ratings and skin conductance responses. Methods: The study was designed as a double-blind, between-subjects, sham-controlled trial. Half of the healthy participants were randomly assigned to receive either active tDCS (n = 21, 1.5 mA for 20 min over the right dIPFC) or sham stimulation (n = 21). Participants viewed negative and neutral pictures from the International Affective Picture System while they were instructed to either downregulate, upregulate or maintain their emotions. After each picture presentation, participants rated the intensity of emotional arousal. Skin conductance responses and gaze fixation were assessed. Results: Our results revealed that anodal prefrontal tDCS during downregulation resulted in decreased skin conductance responses and decreased emotional arousal ratings. The opposite pattern was observed for the upregulation condition in which anodal tDCS resulted in higher arousal ratings accompanied by marginally enhanced skin conductance responses. Conclusion: Our data indicates that tDCS facilitates cognitive reappraisal in both directions by either increasing or decreasing emotional responsiveness depending on the regulatory goal. This provides further evidence for the potential use of tDCS as a tool to modulate cognitive reappraisal. However, given the limitations of the present study, our findings need to be replicated and complimented by further studies. (C) 2014 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.