Ischemic tolerance following low dose NMDA involves modulation of cellular stress proteins

Mild NMDA receptor activation is correlated with neuroprotection in models of cerebral ischemia. Neuroprotection with NMDA manifests as a form of ischemic tolerance and involves the induction of cellular stress systems sensitive to disturbances in cellular calcium homeostasis. Unilateral micro-injection of 10, 160 and 320 mu M NMDA into the prefrontal cortex of a rat 30 min prior to permanent occlusion of the middle cerebral artery (MCAO) significantly reduced the area of infarct observed after 4 h of ischemia. The highest dose of NMDA (320 mu M) prevented the propagation of ischemic damage through a direct toxicity on neuronal tissue adjacent to the injection site as demonstrated in thionin-stained sections. As a result, the degree of ischemia-induced damage was similar to that measured in rats pretreated with the low dose of NMDA (10 mu M). Expression of heat shock protein (HSP) 70 and glucose-regulated protein (GRP) 94 in cortical samples taken from the region of infarct following MCAO was significantly reduced in rats pretreated with 10 mu M NMDA compared to saline-injected control rats and rats pretreated with higher doses of NMDA. Furthermore, 10 mu M NMDA did not appear to influence expression of m-calpain or GRP78, however, higher doses of NMDA did significantly induce expression of both proteins as assessed by Western blotting. In summary, our data demonstrate an in vivo rodent model of ischemic tolerance in which 30 min of neuronal preconditioning with 10 mu M NMDA confers protection against a 4 h period of MCAO-induced ischemia. This effect may involve modulation of cellular stress signals, in particular HSP70 and GRP94. (C) 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.