期刊
BRAIN
卷 137, 期 -, 页码 1799-1812出版社
OXFORD UNIV PRESS
DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu083
关键词
autism; brain development; developmental neuroimaging; human brain mapping; MRI
资金
- National Institute Of Mental Health [RO1 MH080826, RO1 MH084795, RO1 MH097464, KO8 MH100609, KO8 MH092697]
- Eunice Kennedy Shriver NICHD [T32 HD07489, P30 HD003352-45, CHRCDA K12HD001410]
- Hartwell Foundation
- Primary Children's Medical Center Foundation
The natural history of brain growth in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) remains unclear. Zielinski et al. examine longitudinal changes in cortical thickness in individuals with autism and typically-developing controls. Cortical development in ASD appears to undergo three phases, and developmental abnormalities are region-specific, age-dependent, and remain dynamic well into adulthood.The natural history of brain growth in autism spectrum disorders remains unclear. Cross-sectional studies have identified regional abnormalities in brain volume and cortical thickness in autism, although substantial discrepancies have been reported. Preliminary longitudinal studies using two time points and small samples have identified specific regional differences in cortical thickness in the disorder. To clarify age-related trajectories of cortical development, we examined longitudinal changes in cortical thickness within a large mixed cross-sectional and longitudinal sample of autistic subjects and age- and gender-matched typically developing controls. Three hundred and forty-five magnetic resonance imaging scans were examined from 97 males with autism (mean age = 16.8 years; range 3-36 years) and 60 males with typical development (mean age = 18 years; range 4-39 years), with an average interscan interval of 2.6 years. FreeSurfer image analysis software was used to parcellate the cortex into 34 regions of interest per hemisphere and to calculate mean cortical thickness for each region. Longitudinal linear mixed effects models were used to further characterize these findings and identify regions with between-group differences in longitudinal age-related trajectories. Using mean age at time of first scan as a reference (15 years), differences were observed in bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, pars opercularis and pars triangularis, right caudal middle frontal and left rostral middle frontal regions, and left frontal pole. However, group differences in cortical thickness varied by developmental stage, and were influenced by IQ. Differences in age-related trajectories emerged in bilateral parietal and occipital regions (postcentral gyrus, cuneus, lingual gyrus, pericalcarine cortex), left frontal regions (pars opercularis, rostral middle frontal and frontal pole), left supramarginal gyrus, and right transverse temporal gyrus, superior parietal lobule, and paracentral, lateral orbitofrontal, and lateral occipital regions. We suggest that abnormal cortical development in autism spectrum disorders undergoes three distinct phases: accelerated expansion in early childhood, accelerated thinning in later childhood and adolescence, and decelerated thinning in early adulthood. Moreover, cortical thickness abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders are region-specific, vary with age, and may remain dynamic well into adulthood.
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