Reorganization of the motor cortex is associated with postural control deficits in recurrent low back pain

Many people with recurrent low back pain (LBP) have deficits in postural control of the trunk muscles and this may contribute to the recurrence of pain episodes. However, the neural changes that underlie these motor deficits remain unclear. As the motor cortex contributes to control of postural adjustments, the current study investigated the excitability and organization of the motor cortical inputs to the trunk muscles in 11 individuals with and without recurrent LBP. EMG activity of the deep abdominal muscle, transversus abdominis (TrA), was recorded bilaterally using intramuscular fine-wire electrodes. Postural control was assessed as onset of TrA EMG during single rapid arm flexion and extension tasks. Motor thresholds (MTs) for transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) were determined for responses contralateral and ipsilateral to the stimulated cortex. In addition, responses of TrA to TMS over the contralateral cortex were mapped during voluntary contractions at 10 of maximum. MTs and map parameters [centre of gravity (CoG) and volume] were compared between healthy and LBP groups. The CoG of the motor cortical map of TrA in the healthy group was similar to 2 cm anterior and lateral to the vertex, but was more posterior and lateral in the LBP group. The location of the CoG and the map volume were correlated with onset of TrA EMG during rapid arm movements. Furthermore, the MT needed to evoke ipsilateral responses was lower in the LBP group, but only on the less excitable hemisphere. These findings provide preliminary evidence of reorganization of trunk muscle representation at the motor cortex in individuals with recurrent LBP, and suggest this reorganization is associated with deficits in postural control.