THE CONTRIBUTION OF ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY, DIELECTRIC PERMITTIVITY AND DOMAIN SWITCHING IN FERROELECTRIC HYSTERESIS LOOPS

Triangular voltage waveform was employed to distinguish the contributions of dielectric permittivity, electric conductivity and domain switching in current-electric field curves. At the same time, it is shown how those contributions can affect the shape of the electric displacement electric field loops (D-E loops). The effects of frequency, temperature and microstructure (point defects, grain size and texture) on the ferroelectric properties of several ferroelectric compositions is reported, including: BaTiO3; lead zirconate titanate (PZT); lead-free Na0.5K0.5NbO3; perovskite-like layer structured A(2)B(2)O(7) with super high Curie point (T-c); Aurivillius phase ferroelectric Bi3.15Nd0.85Ti3O12; and multiferroic Bi0.89La0.05Tb0.06FeO3. This systematic study provides an instructive outline in the measurement of ferroelectric properties and the analysis and interpretation of experimental data.