CHD chromatin remodelers and the transcription cycle

It is well established that ATP-dependent chromatin remodelers modulate DNA access of transcription factors and RNA polymerases by opening or closing chromatin structure. However, this view is far too simplistic. Recent findings have demonstrated that these enzymes not only set the stage for the transcription machinery to act but also are actively involved at every step of the transcription process. As a consequence, they affect initiation, elongation, termination and RNA processing. In this review we will use the CHD family as a paradigm to illustrate the progress that has been made in revealing these new concepts.