Predictors of school readiness in five- to six-year-old children from an Australian longitudinal community sample

This paper reports on school readiness (SR) and its predictors in five- to six-year-old children from a prospective, longitudinal study of children from eight months to seven years (the Early Language in Victoria Study - ELVS). The ELVS children came from a representative sample of children recruited though the State Government Infant and Child Health Centres at the age of eight months who were studied at yearly intervals with a combination of parent surveys and face-to-face assessments. The study had a focus on language, pre-literacy and behavioural development. In pre-school and preparatory grade, teachers of the children completed a brief questionnaire rating SR characteristics, including cognitive, language and personal/social competencies. The data bank on these children provided a set of hypothesised child and family predictors of the SR score which were tested via factor analysis and regression analyses. Significant predictors of SR in the equation were evident from two years of age, and were all related to language and pre-literacy factors from two to six years. Twelve per cent of the children showed language impairment (LI) at five years according to their scores on the Clinical Evaluation of Language Fundamentals, 4th edition (CELF-4). In an additional analysis we found that these children were significantly lower on SR; they were also of lower social class compared with the remainder of the sample. The most influential factors in readiness for school were child language competencies and pre-literacy capacities, including phonemic awareness and letter knowledge. Preparation for school involving systematic emphasis on language and pre-literacy enrichment is recommended for all children before school entry and particularly for children at risk, including those coming from socio-economic disadvantage and those with delayed and impaired early language development. This addition to pre-school programmes can have lasting positive effects into pre-school and beyond, and prevent early school failure.