A GLASS BEAD SEQUENCE FOR SOUTHERN AFRICA FROM THE 8(TH) TO THE 16(TH) CENTURY AD

Many tens of thousands of glass beads have been recovered from well-dated 8(th) to 16(th) century archaeological sites in southern Africa, making it possible to develop a temporally sensitive bead sequence which is made up of seven series. The series were developed based on morphological characteristics and recent chemical analysis has confirmed those results. The bead series are described in detail along with possible origins for the glass used to create them. Chemical composition of the glasses used to make the beads demonstrates that three major changes in glass chemistry occurred between the 8(th) and 15(th) centuries, suggesting the different glasses originated in geographically disparate regions and indicating that trade patterns connecting southern Africa to other Indian Ocean entities were far from static.