A type of sodium-ion full-cell with a layered NaNi0.5Ti0.5O2 cathode and a pre-sodiated hard carbon anode

A new structure of sodium-ion full-cell with a layered NaNi0.5Ti0.5O2 cathode and a pre-sodiated hard carbon anode is reported. The pre-sodiation of the hard carbon anode, achieved via a facile approach in a three-electrode battery, can significantly enhance the initial coulombic efficiency of the sodium-ion full-cell. As a consequence, a much higher capacity is obtained in the hard carbon/NaNi0.5Ti0.5O2 sodium-ion battery. Based on the cathode mass, the full-cell with the pre-sodiated hard carbon anode can exhibit a reversible capacity of 93 mA h g(-1).