期刊
ATMOSPHERIC CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS
卷 15, 期 12, 页码 7049-7069出版社
COPERNICUS GESELLSCHAFT MBH
DOI: 10.5194/acp-15-7049-2015
关键词
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资金
- NASA Carbon Monitoring System
- Department of Energy (DOE) Computational Science Graduate Fellowship (CSGF)
- California Energy Commission's Natural Gas Program [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
- NASA
- UK National Centre for Earth Observation (NCEO)
- ESA Climate Change Initiative (ESA GHG-CCI)
- NASA [NNX11AG01G, NAG5-12247, NNG05-GD07G]
- NASA Orbiting Carbon Observatory Program
- EU project InGOS
- EU project ICOS-INWIRE
- Senate of Bremen
- Australian Research Council [DP0879468, LP0562346]
- EC within the INGOS project
- New Zealand Foundation of Research Science and Technology [CO1X0204, CO1X0703, CO1X0406]
- NIWA's Atmosphere Research Programme 3 [2011/13]
- LANL-LDRD [20110081DR]
- Environment Research and Technology Development Fund of the Ministry of the Environment, Japan [A-1102]
- Office of Biological and Environmental Research of the US Department of Energy as part of the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM), ARM Aerial Facility [DE-AC02-05CH11231]
- Terrestrial Ecosystem Science Program
- Natural Environment Research Council [nceo020005] Funding Source: researchfish
- NERC [nceo020005] Funding Source: UKRI
We use 2009-2011 space-borne methane observations from the Greenhouse Gases Observing SATellite (GOSAT) to estimate global and North American methane emissions with 4A degrees x 5A degrees and up to 50 km x 50 km spatial resolution, respectively. GEOS-Chem and GOSAT data are first evaluated with atmospheric methane observations from surface and tower networks (NOAA/ESRL, TCCON) and aircraft (NOAA/ESRL, HIPPO), using the GEOS-Chem chemical transport model as a platform to facilitate comparison of GOSAT with in situ data. This identifies a high-latitude bias between the GOSAT data and GEOS-Chem that we correct via quadratic regression. Our global adjoint-based inversion yields a total methane source of 539 Tg a(-1) with some important regional corrections to the EDGARv4.2 inventory used as a prior. Results serve as dynamic boundary conditions for an analytical inversion of North American methane emissions using radial basis functions to achieve high resolution of large sources and provide error characterization. We infer a US anthropogenic methane source of 40.2-42.7 Tg a(-1), as compared to 24.9-27.0 Tg a(-1) in the EDGAR and EPA bottom-up inventories, and 30.0-44.5 Tg a(-1) in recent inverse studies. Our estimate is supported by independent surface and aircraft data and by previous inverse studies for California. We find that the emissions are highest in the southern-central US, the Central Valley of California, and Florida wetlands; large isolated point sources such as the US Four Corners also contribute. Using prior information on source locations, we attribute 29-44 % of US anthropogenic methane emissions to livestock, 22-31 % to oil/gas, 20 % to landfills/wastewater, and 11-15 % to coal. Wetlands contribute an additional 9.0-10.1 Tg a(-1).
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