When Toll-like receptor and T-cell receptor signals collide: a mechanism for enhanced CD8 T-cell effector function

Emerging reports reveal that activating Toll-like receptor-2 (TLR2)-MyD88 signals in CD8 T lymphocytes enhances cytokine production and cytotoxicity; however, the signaling pathway remains undefined. In the present study, we examined the physiologic significance and molecular mechanisms involved in this process. We found that TLR2 engagement on T-cell receptor transgenic CD8 OT-1 T cells increased T-bet transcription factor levels consequently, augmenting effector transcript and protein levels both in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, TLR2 agonist did not costimulate TLR2(-/-) OT-1 or MyD88(-/-) OT-1 T cells. Elevated T-bet levels in TLR2-MyD88-activated T cells was a consequence of increased biosynthesis resulting from the enhanced activation of the mammalian target of the rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. Inhibiting mTOR, Akt, or protein kinase C in T cells abolished the costimulatory effects of the TLR2 agonist. In vivo, activating TLR2-MyD88 signals in T cells increased effector-molecule levels and enhanced the clearance of Listeria monocytogenes-Ova. These results help define a signaling pathway linking the TLR-MyD88 and mTOR pathway in an Akt- and protein kinase C-dependent manner. These results highlight a critical role for MyD88 signaling in T-cell activation and cytotoxicity. Furthermore, these findings offer the opportunity for improving the efficacy of vaccines and T cell-based immunotherapies by targeting TLR-MyD88 signaling within T cells. (Blood. 2010;116(18):3494-3504)