期刊
TISSUE BARRIERS
卷 4, 期 2, 页码 -出版社
TAYLOR & FRANCIS AS
DOI: 10.1080/21688370.2016.1176822
关键词
epithelial toxicity; intestinal permeation enhancers; medium chain fatty acids; oral peptide delivery; SNAC; sodium caprate
资金
- Science Foundation Ireland Center for Medical Devices (CURAM) [13/RC/2073]
- Irish Department of Agriculture FIRM grant (NUTRADEL) [11/F/042]
- European Union Seventh Framework Program [281035]
Intestinal permeation enhancers (PEs) are key components in similar to 12 oral peptide formulations in clinical trials for a range of molecules, primarily insulin and glucagon-like-peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogs. The main PEs comprise medium chain fatty acid-based systems (sodium caprate, sodium caprylate, and N-[8-(2-hydroxybenzoyl) amino] caprylate (SNAC)), bile salts, acyl carnitines, and EDTA. Their mechanism of action is complex with subtle differences between the different molecules. With the exception of SNAC and EDTA, most PEs fluidize the plasma membrane causing plasma membrane perturbation, as well as enzymatic and intracellular mediator changes that lead to alteration of intestinal epithelial tight junction protein expression. The question arises as to whether PEs can cause irreversible epithelial damage and tight junction openings sufficient to permit co-absorption of payloads with bystander pathogens, lipopolysaccharides and its fragment, or exo- and endotoxins that may be associated with sepsis, inflammation and autoimmune conditions. Most PEs seem to cause membrane perturbation to varying extents that is rapidly reversible, and overall evidence of pathogen co-absorption is generally lacking. It is unknown however, whether the intestinal epithelial damage-repair cycle is sustained during repeat-dosing regimens for chronic therapy.
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