Leaders and Laggards in Environmental Innovation: An Empirical Analysis of SMEs in Europe

The main purpose of this article is studying the factors influencing eco-innovative intensity in the European SMEs. Building upon the 'innovation triangle model', business competences, environmental orientation and network involvement are considered as the main determinants of 'greenness' of innovation in a sample of 3852 SMEs. Four categories of eco-innovators (leaders, followers, loungers and laggards) are identified, and their profiles/driving factors are described using a generalized ordinal logistic model. Our results confirm that the increasing demand for green products and the adoption of eco-organizational innovation affect positively the level of environmental innovation, while technological lock-ins have the opposite effect across all categories. Neither leaders nor laggards are influenced by environmental policies. Small firms and those who give importance to financial constraints tend not to achieve upper categories, while valuing technological capabilities, market power and networks are crucial determinants of being in upper categories of eco-innovation intensity. Copyright (c) 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd and ERP Environment