期刊
NATURE PLANTS
卷 4, 期 5, 页码 258-268出版社
NATURE PORTFOLIO
DOI: 10.1038/s41477-018-0136-7
关键词
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资金
- National Program on Key Research Project [2016YFD0100307]
- National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC) [31630068, 31722048]
- Prospect of Shandong Seed Project (Shandong Government) [212]
- Science and Technology Innovation Program of the Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences
- Key Laboratory of Biology and Genetic Improvement of Horticultural Crops, Ministry of Agriculture, P.R. China
- National Science Foundation, USA, Plant Genome Research Program grant [IOS-1546825]
All natural plant species are evolved from ancient polyploids. Polyloidization plays an important role in plant genome evolution, species divergence and crop domestication. We review how the pattern of polyploidy within the plant phylogenetic tree has engendered hypotheses involving mass extinctions, lag-times following polyploidy, and epochs of asexuality. Polyploidization has happened repeatedly in plant evolution and, we conclude, is important for crop domestication. Once duplicated, the effect of purifying selection on any one duplicated gene is relaxed, permitting duplicate gene and regulatory element loss (fractionation). We review the general topic of fractionation, and how some gene categories are retained more than others. Several explanations, including neofunctionalization, subfunctionalization and gene product dosage balance, have been shown to influence gene content over time. For allopolyploids, genetic differences between parental lines immediately manifest as subgenome dominance in the wide-hybrid, and persist and propagate for tens of millions of years. While epigenetic modifications are certainly involved in genome dominance, it has been difficult to determine which came first, the chromatin marks being measured or gene expression. Data support the conclusion that genome dominance and heterosis are antagonistic and mechanically entangled; both happen immediately in the synthetic wide-cross hybrid. Also operating in this hybrid are mechanisms of 'paralogue interference'. We present a foundation model to explain gene expression and vigour in a wide hybrid/new allotet-raploid. This Review concludes that some mechanisms operate immediately at the wide-hybrid, and other mechanisms begin their operations later. Direct interaction of new paralogous genes, as measured using high-resolution chromatin conformation capture, should inform future research and single cell transcriptome sequencing should help achieve specificity while studying gene sub- and neo-functionalization.
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