Energy efficient Na-aqueous-catholyte redox flow battery

Redox flow battery (RFB) technologies have become play a significant role in the future for the storage of electrical energy produced from intermitted renewable energies such as solar, wind, and hydroelectric powers. Although the development of high-energy density RFB remains a challenging. Herein, we report the Na-aqueous- catholyte RFB (NaAqRFB) towards high-density electrical energy storage. Na-metal anode offers a high energy density and the use of an aqueous flowing catholyte decouples the energy and power. NASICON (Na3Zr2Si2PO12) is employed as a solid electrolyte in the NaAqRFB to separate the Na anode and a flowable aqueous catholyte. The constructed prototype NaAqRFB operates using a sodium-hexacyanoferrate solution as the aqueous catholyte with no added supporting salt/electrolyte, and yielded an average cell potential of similar to 3.06 V (vs. Na/Na+), and an energy density of 54.16 Wh L-1 (based on the volume of catholyte) with high energy efficiency (similar to 92%, over 50 cycles), outperforming conventional RFB. The present work offers a new route for developing high-energy-density redox flow batteries.