Influence of silver nanoparticles on the enhancement and transcriptional changes of glucosinolates and phenolic compounds in genetically transformed root cultures of Brassica rapa ssp rapa

Glucosinolates (GSLs) and phenolic compounds (PCs) are biologically active and involved in the defense reaction of plants; these compounds have a beneficial effect on human health. In this study, we described the influence of biologically synthesized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) to enhance the phytochemicals (GSLs and PCs), their transcription levels, and their biological activities in genetically transformed root cultures (hairy root cultures) of Brassica rapa. The concentrations of silver and reactive oxygen species (malondialdehyde and hydrogen peroxide) were highly elevated in the Ag NP-elicited hairy roots (HRs). Glucosinolates (glucoallysin, glucobrassicanapin, sinigrin, progoitrin, gluconapin, 4-methoxyglucobrassicin, 4-hydroxyglucobrassicin, glucobrassicin, neoglucobrassicin, and gluconasturtiin) and their transcripts (MYB34, MYB51, MYB28, and MYB29) were significantly enhanced in the Ag NP-elicited HRs. Moreover, the phenolic compounds (flavonols, hydroxybenzoic, and hydroxycinnamic acids) were significantly enriched in the Ag NP-elicited HRs. Total phenolic and flavonoid concentrations and their transcripts (PAL, CHI, and FLS) were higher in the Ag NP-elicited HRs than in the non-elicited HRs. Additionally, biological (antioxidant, antimicrobial, and anticancer) activities were significantly higher in the Ag NP-elicited HRs than in the non-elicited HRs. The Ag NP-elicited HR cultures offered an efficient and promising in vitro method to increase the production of health-promoting bioactive compounds, which may be useful in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical industries.