Spread of aggregates after olfactory bulb injection of alpha-synuclein fibrils is associated with early neuronal loss and is reduced long term

Parkinson's disease is characterized by degeneration of substantia nigra dopamine neurons and by intraneuronal aggregates, primarily composed of misfolded alpha-synuclein. The alpha-synuclein aggregates in Parkinson's patients are suggested to first appear in the olfactory bulb and enteric nerves and then propagate, following a stereotypic pattern, via neural pathways to numerous regions across the brain. We recently demonstrated that after injection of either mouse or human alpha-synuclein fibrils into the olfactory bulb of wild-type mice, alpha-synuclein fibrils recruited endogenous alpha-synuclein into pathological aggregates that spread transneuronally to over 40 other brain regions and subregions, over 12 months. We previously reported the progressive spreading of alpha-synuclein aggregates, between 1 and 12 months following alpha-synuclein fibril injections, and now report how far the pathology has spread 18- and 23-month post-injection in this model. Our data show that between 12 and 18 months, there is a further increase in the number of brain regions exhibiting pathology after human, and to a lesser extent mouse, alpha-synuclein fibril injections. At both 18 and 23 months after injection of mouse and human alpha-synuclein fibrils, we observed a reduction in the density of alpha-synuclein aggregates in some brain regions compared to others at 12 months. At 23 months, no additional brain regions exhibited alpha-synuclein aggregates compared to earlier time points. In addition, we also demonstrate that the induced alpha-synucleinopathy triggered a significant early neuron loss in the anterior olfactory nucleus. By contrast, there was no loss of mitral neurons in the olfactory bulb, even at 18 month post-injection. We speculate that the lack of continued progression of alpha-synuclein pathology is due to compromise of the neural circuitry, consequential to neuron loss and possibly to the activation of proteolytic mechanisms in resilient neurons of wild-type mice that counterbalances the spread and seeding by degrading pathogenic alpha-synuclein.