Kinetic characterization of the ATPase cycle of the molecular chaperone Hsc66 from Escherichia coli

Hsc66 from Escherichia coli is a constitutively expressed hsp70 class molecular chaperone whose activity is coupled to ATP binding and hydrolysis. To better understand the mechanism and regulation of Hsc66, we investigated the kinetics of ATP hydrolysis and the interactions of Hsc66 with nucleotides. Steady-state experiments revealed that Hsc66 has a low affinity for ATP (K-m(ATP) = 12.7 mu M) compared with other hsp70 chaperones. The kinetics of nucleotide binding were determined by analyzing changes in the Hsc66 absorbance spectrum using stopped-flow methods at 23 degrees C, ATP binding results in a rapid, biphasic increase of Hsc66 absorbance at 280 nm; this is interpreted as arising from a two-step process in which ATP binding (k(a)(ATP) = 4.2 X 10(4) M-1 s(-1), K-d(ATP) = 1.1 S-1) is followed by a slow conformational change (k(conf) = 0.1 s(-1)). Under single turnover conditions, the ATP-induced transition decays exponentially with a rate (k(decay) = 0.0013 s(-1)) similar to that observed in both steady-state and single turnover ATP hydrolysis experiments (k(hyd) - 0.0014 s(-1)). ADP binding to Hsc66 results in a monophasic transition in the absence (k(a)(ADP) = 7 x 10(5) M-1 s(-1), k(d)(ADP) = 60 S-1) and presence of physiological levels of inorganic phosphate (k(a)(ADP(Pi)) = 0.28 x 10(5) M-1 s(-1), k(d)(ADP(Pi)) = 9.1 S-1). These results indicate that ATP hydrolysis is the rate-limiting step under steady-state conditions and is >10(3)-fold slower than the rate of ADP/ATP exchange. Thus, in contrast to DnaK and eukaryotic forms of hsp70 that have been characterized to date, the R double left right arrow T equilibrium balance for Hsc66 is shifted in favor of the low peptide affinity T state, and regulation of the reaction cycle is expected to occur at the ATP hydrolysis step rather than at nucleotide exchange.