The active site architecture of Pisum sativum β-carbonic anhydrase is a mirror image of that of α-carbonic anhydrases

We have determined the structure of the beta-carbonic anhydrase from the dicotyledonous plant Pisum sativum at 1.93 Angstrom resolution, using a combination of multiple anomalous scattering off the active site zinc ion and non-crystallographic symmetry averaging, The molecule assembles as an octamer with a novel dimer of dimers of dimers arrangement. Two distinct patterns of conservation of active site residues are observed, implying two potentially mechanistically distinct classes of beta-carbonic anhydrases. The active site is located at the interface between two monomers, with Cys160, His220 and Cys223 binding the catalytic zinc ion and residues Asp162 (oriented by Arg164), Gly224, Gln151, Val184, Phe179 and Tyr205 interacting with the substrate analogue, acetic acid. The substrate binding groups have a one to one correspondence with the functional groups in the alpha-carbonic anhydrase active site, with the corresponding residues being closely superimposable by a mirror plane. Therefore, despite differing folds, alpha- and beta-carbonic anhydrase have converged upon a very similar active site design and are likely to share a common mechanism.