Elucidation of distinct ligand binding sites for cytochrome P450 3A4

Cytochrome P450 (P450) 3A4 is the most abundant human P450 enzyme and has broad selectivity for substrates. The enzyme can show marked catalytic regioselectivity and unusual patterns of homotropic and heterotropic cooperativity, for which several models have been proposed. Spectral titration studies indicated one binding site for the drug indinavir (M-r 614), a known substrate and inhibitor. Several C-terminal aminated peptides, including the model morphiceptin (YPFP-NH2), bind with spectral changes indicative of Fe-NH2 bonding. The binding of the YPFP-NH2 N-terminal amine and the influence of C-terminal modification on binding argue that the entire molecule (M-r 521) fits within P450 3A4. YPFP-NH2 was not oxidized by P450 3A4 but blocked binding of the substrates testosterone and midazolam, with K-i values similar to the spectral binding constant (K-s) for YPFP-NH2. YPFP-NH2 inhibited the oxidations of several typical P450 substrates with K-i values 10-fold greater than the K-s for binding YPFP-NH2 and its K-i for inhibiting substrate binding. The n values for cooperativity of these oxidations were not altered by YPFP-NH2, YPFP-NH2 inhibited the oxidations of midazolam at two different positions (1'- and 4-) with 20-fold different K-i values. The differences in the K-i values for blocking the binding to ferric P450 3A4 and the oxidation of several substrates may be attributed to weaker binding of YPFP-NH2 to ferrous P450 3A4 than to the ferric form. The ferrous protein can be considered a distinct form of the enzyme in binding and catalysis because many substrates (but not YPFP-NH2) facilitate reduction of the ferric to ferrous enzyme. Our results with these peptides are considered in the context of several proposed models. A P450 3A4 model based on these peptide studies contains at least two and probably three distinct ligand sites, with testosterone and alpha-naphthoflavone occupying distinct sites. Midazolam appears to be able to bind to P450 3A4 in two modes, one corresponding to the testosterone binding mode and one postulated to reflect binding in a third site, distinct from both testosterone and alpha-naphthoflavone, The work with indinavir and YPFP-NH2 also argues that room should be present in P450 3A4 to bind more than one smaller ligand in the testosterone site, although no direct evidence for such binding exists. Although this work with peptides provides evidence for the existence of multiple ligand binding sites, the results cannot be used to indicate their juxtaposition, which may vary through the catalytic cycle.