Effects of progressive levels of industrial automation on force and repetitive movements of the wrist

The purpose of this research was to compare the repetition of wrist movements and force produced by workers when packing pencils in manual, semi-automated and automated industrial operations, The study was conducted in a multinational pencil company which had the three production systems operating simultaneously, Highly skilled workers were in a job rotation schedule between the systems. A portable electrogoniometer set was used for measuring the wrist movements, The software V.3.11 (Biometrics prototype design) was used to compute the number of repetitions of 5 degrees or more motion of the wrist. Highly repetitive tasks were identified in all packaging operations involving the three different and progressive stages of production automation. The highest frequencies and most stereotyped movements were recorded in the semi-automated operations, followed by the manual and automated operations. The operations required force application between 9.1 and 12.3 % of maximal voluntary contraction between three operations, These results were analysed using analysis of variance, The analysis showed significant differences in frequencies of wrist motion (p < 0.05) between the production systems, However, force required by the three operations were not significantly different. The findings indicate that partial automation does not necessarily decrease or eliminate motions performed by human operators. Thus the goal of automation and its level must be carefully considerated prior to implementation.