Experimental induction of fluconazole resistance in Candida tropicalis ATCC 750

Candida tropicalis is less commonly isolated from clinical specimens than Candida albicans. Unlike C. albicans, which can be occasionally found as a commensal, C. tropicalis is almost always associated with the development of fungal infections. In addition, C. tropicalis has been reported to be resistant to fluconazole (FLC). To analyze the development of FLC resistance in C. tropicalis, an FLC-susceptible strain (ATCC 750) (MIC = 1.0 mu g/ml) was cultured in liquid medium containing increasing FLC concentrations from 8.0 to 128 mu g/ml. The strain developed variable degrees of FLC resistance which paralleled the concentrations of FLC used in the medium. The highest MICs of FLC were 16, 256, and 512 mu g/ml for strains grown in medium with 8.0, 32, and 128 mu g of FLC per mi, respectively. Development of resistance was rapid and could be observed already after a single subculture in azole-containing medium. The resistant strains were cross-resistant to itraconazole (MIC > 1.0 mu g/ml) and terbinafine (MIC > 512 mu g/ml) but not to amphotericin B. Isolates grown in FLC at concentrations of 8.0 and 32 mu g/ml reverted to low MICs (1.0 mu g/ml) after 12 and II passages in FI,C-free medium, respectively. The MIC for one isolate grown in FLC (128 mu g/ml) (128 R) reverted to 16 mu g/ml but remained stable over 60 passages in FLC-fi-ee medium. Azole-resistant isolates revealed upregulation of two different multidrug efflux transporter genes: the major facilitators gene MDR1 and the ATP-binding cassette transporter CDR1. The development of FLC resistance in vitro correlated well with the results obtained in an experimental model of disseminated candidiasis. While FLC given at 10 mg/kg of body weight/day was effective in reducing the fungal burden of mice infected with the parent strain, the same dosing regimen was ineffective in mice infected with strain 128 R. Finally, the acquisition of in vitro PLC resistance in strain 128 R was related to a loss of virulence. The results of our study elucidate important characteristics and potential mechanisms of FLC resistance in C. tropicalis.