Comparison of oyster shell and calcium hydroxide as liming materials for immobilizing cadmium in upland soil

Cadmium is both readily available and highly toxic to plants and animals. Our objectives were to evaluate the effect of oyster shell as a liming material on reducing plant cadmium (Cd) uptake and to compare oyster shell and Ca(OH)(2), a common liming material in Korea. Ground oyster shell and Ca(OH)(2) were applied at 0, 2, 4, and 8 Mg Ca per hectare to an upland soil contaminated manually with CdSO4 (total Cd 8.96 mg kg(-1)). Radish (Raphanus sativa L.) was sown on the contaminated soil. Oyster shell was less effective at increasing soil pH and net negative charge than Ca(OH)(2), but more effective at suppressing radish Cd uptake in both roots and shoots. The portion of Cd that is strongly bound to soil (fraction 5) increased more with oyster shell than with Ca(OH)(2). Radish plant Cd concentration was positively correlated with 0.1 N HCl-extractable Cd and negatively correlated with the residual Cd fraction (F5), indicating that an increase in the strongly bound Cd fraction played an important role in reducing radish Cd uptake in soil to which oyster shell was applied. The greater potential of oyster shell to decrease Cd extractability in soil and plant Cd uptake compared to Ca(OH)(2) might be attributed to the layered morphology of oyster shells. Based on these results, oyster shell could be a very good alternative liming material to reduce Cd phytoavailability in Cd-contaminated soil.