A specific structural alteration in the heparan sulphate of human glomerular basement membrane in diabetes

Aims/hypothesis. Heparan sulphate proteoglycan is an important component of the glomerular anionic filtration barrier and its reduced amount in diabetes contributes to glomerular dysfunction. The objective of this study was to determine if there is also an alteration in the sulphation pattern of the diabetic heparan sulphate chains. Methods. The heparan sulphate in the glomerular basement membrane/mesangial matrix from human diabetic and nondiabetic kidneys obtained at autopsy was fragmented by a hydrazine/nitrous acid procedure and after radiolabelling with NaB[H-3](4). the disaccharide products were chromatographically resolved and quantified. Results. Six sulphated disaccharides were identified in both the diabetic and nondiabetic samples and the molar distribution of these was similar, with the notable exception of the iduronic acid-2-O-sulphate alpha 1 --> 4glucosamine-3-O-sulphate species which occurred in the diabetic glomeruli in less than half the amount as in the nondiabetic samples (9.0% compared to 18.7% of total sulphated disaccharides, p < 0.005). Conclusion/interpretation. 3-O-sulphated glucosamine is a rare constituent of heparan sulphate occurring usually in a glucuronic acid beta 1 --> 4glucosamine-3-O-sulphate(+/- 6-O-sulphate) sequence within the antithrombin-binding domain. In the glomerular basement membrane where the 3-O-sulphated glucosamine is present in substantial amounts, however, it occurs exclusively in an iduronic acid-containing sequence. It is likely that the recently discovered 3-O-sulphotransferase variant which specifically acts on the iduronic acid alpha 1 --> 4glucosamine sequence is decreased in human diabetes and moreover that this unusual disaccharide could be a component of a specific heparan sulphate domain which interacts with bioactive proteins.