Intrinsic Circadian Period of Sighted Patients with Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder, Free-Running Type

Background: Circadian rhythm sleep disorder, free-running type (FRT), is an intractable sleep disorder in which sleep and wake times progressively delay each day even in normal living environments. This disorder severely affects the social functioning of patients because of periodic nighttime insomnia, excessive daytime sleepiness, and a high rate of comorbid psychiatric disorders. Although abnormal regulation of the biological clock is suspected, the pathophysiology of FRT has yet to be elucidated. In this study, the endogenous circadian period, tau, of FRT patients with normal vision was compared with that of healthy individuals whose circadian rhythms are entrained to a 24-hour cycle. Methods: Six FRT patients and 17 healthy individuals (9 intermediate chronotypes and 8 evening chronotypes) were subjected to a 7-day, 28-hour sleep-wake schedule according to the forced desynchrony protocol. Phase shifts in melatonin rhythm were measured under constant routine conditions to calculate tau. Results: In FRT patients, tau was significantly longer than in intermediate chronotypes, whereas in evening chronotypes, it ranged widely and was not significantly different from that in FRT patients. Moreover, tau of melatonin rhythm in FRT patients showed no significant correlation with tau of sleep-wake cycles measured before the study. Conclusions: The findings suggest that although a prolongation of tau may be involved in the onset mechanism of FRT, a prolonged tau is not the only factor involved. It appears that several factors including abnormal entrainment of circadian rhythms are involved in the onset of FRT in a multilayered manner.