White Mars:: A new model for Mars' surface and atmosphere based on CO2

A new model is presented for the Amazonian outburst floods on Mars. Rather than the working fluid being water, with the associated difficulties in achieving warm and wet conditions on Mars and on collecting and removing the water before and after the floods, instead this model suggests that CO2 is the active agent in the floods. The flow is not a conventional liquid flood but is instead a gas-supported density flow akin to terrestrial volcanic pyroclastic flows and surges and at cryogenic temperatures with support from degassing of CO2-bearing ices. The flows are not sourced from volcanic vents, but from the collapse of thick layered regolith containing liquid CO2 to form zones of chaotic terrain, as shown by R. St. J. Lambert and V. E. Chamberlain (1978, Icarus 34, 568-580; 1992, Workshop on the Evolution of the Martian Atmosphere). Submarine turbidites are also analagous in the flow mechanism, but the martian cryogenic flows were both dry and subaerial, so there is no need for a warm and wet epoch nor an ocean on Mars. Armed with this new model for the floods we review the activity of volatiles on the surface of Mars in the context of a cold ice world-White Mars. We find that many of the recognized paradoxes about Mars' surface and atmosphere are resolved. In particular, the lack of carbonates on Mars is due to the lack of liquid water. The CO2 of the primordial atmosphere and the H2O inventory remain largely sequestered in subsurface ices. The distribution of water ice on modern Mars is also reevaluated, with important potential consequences for future Mars exploration. The model for collapse of terrain due to ices that show decompression melting, and the generation of nonaqueous flows in these circumstances may also be applicable to outer Solar System bodies, where CO2, SO2, N-2, and other ices are stable. (C) 2000 Academic Press.