期刊
BIOLOGICAL INVASIONS
卷 13, 期 12, 页码 3015-3025出版社
SPRINGER
DOI: 10.1007/s10530-011-9986-x
关键词
Novel weapons; Alliaria petiolata; Sinigrin; Allyl isothiocyanate; Arbuscular mycorrhizae; Allelopathy; AITC; Garlic mustard; Plant invasion; Temperate forests; AMF
资金
- National Science Foundation [DEB 0958676]
- University of Pittsburgh
- Phipps Conservatory and Botanical Garden Botany-in-Action Fellowship
- Mellon Fellowship
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute
- National Aeronautics and Space Administration Pennsylvania
- Division Of Environmental Biology
- Direct For Biological Sciences [0958676] Funding Source: National Science Foundation
Garlic mustard's (Alliaria petiolata, Brassicaceae) invasive success is attributed in part to its release of allyl isothiocyanate (AITC) into the soil. AITC can disrupt beneficial arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) associated with native plant roots, which limits their soil resource uptake. However, AITC and its precursor, sinigrin, have never been detected in garlic mustard-invaded forest soils. Here, we use high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to assess the concentration and bioactivity of these putative allelochemicals in paired forest plots uninvaded or invaded by garlic mustard. Our methods detected AITC and sinigrin only where garlic mustard was present and our recovery of AITC/sinigrin coincided with adult senescence. A bioassay of in situ fungal hyphae abundance revealed significantly reduced hyphal abundance in the presence of garlic mustard relative to uninvaded soils. Finally, the lowest concentration of AITC measured in the field (similar to 0.001 mM) is highly inhibitory to the spore germination of a forest AMF species, Glomus clarum. Together, our data provide the first direct evidence of garlic mustard-produced sinigrin and AITC in forest soils and demonstrate that even low levels of these chemicals have the potential to significantly suppress AMF growth and spore germination, strengthening their status as allelopathic novel weapons.
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