The receptor for advanced glycation end products is induced by the glycation products themselves and tumor necrosis factor-α through nuclear Factor-κB, and by 17β-estradiol through Sp-1 in human vascular endothelial cells

The binding of advanced glycation end products (AGE) to the receptor for AGE (RAGE) is known to deteriorate various cell functions and is implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic vascular complications. Here we show that AGE, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), and 17 beta-estradiol (E-2) up-regulated RAGE mRNA and protein levels in human microvascular endothelial cells and ECV304 cells, with the mRNA stability being essentially invariant. Transient transfection experiments with human RAGE promoter-luciferase chimeras revealed that the region from nucleotide number -751 to -629 and the region from -239 to -89 in the RAGE 5'-flanking sequence exhibited the AGE/TNF-alpha and E-2 responsiveness, respectively. Site-directed mutation of an nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-kappa B) site at -671 or of Sp-1 sites at -189 and -172 residing in those regions resulted in an abrogation of the AGE/TNF-alpha- or E-2-mediated transcriptional activation. Electrophoretic mobility shift assays revealed that ECV304 cell nuclear extracts contained factors which retarded the NF-kappa B and Sp-1 elements, and that the DNA-protein complexes were supershifted by anti-p65/p50 NF-kappa B and anti-Sp-1/estrogen receptor or antibodies, respectively. These results suggest that AGE, TNF-alpha, and E-2 can activate the RAGE gene through NF-kappa B and Sp-1, causing enhanced AGE-RAGE interactions, which would lead to an exacerbation of diabetic microvasculopathy.