Population, technology, and growth: From Malthusian stagnation to the demographic transition and beyond

This paper develops a unified growth model that captures the historical evolution of population, technology, and output. It encompasses the endogenous transition between three regimes that have characterized economic development. nle economy evolves from a Malthusian regime, where technological progress is slow and population growth prevents any sustained rise in income per capita into a Post-Malthusian regime, where technological progress rises and population growth absorbs only part of output growth. Ultimately, a demographic transition reverses the positive relationship between? income and population growth, and the economy enters a Modem Growth regime with reduced population growth and sustained income growth. (JEL J13, Oil, O33, O40).