The development of stomata and other epidermal cells on the rice leaves

In the leaves of rice (Oryza sativa), stomatal initials arose from two asymmetric cell divisions and a symmetric division. Guard mother cells (GMCs) and long cells in stomatal files (LCSs) were formed through the first asymmetric division of the precursor cell of GMCs. Subsidiary cells (SCs) were produced by the second asymmetric division of subsidiary mother cells or LCSs. Following SC formation, GMCs divided once symmetrically to generate guard cells and then differentiated terminally to form mature stomata. The developmental patterns of long cells, prickle hairs and short cells (phellem cells and silica cells) were also examined. Interestingly, we found that the different developmental stages of stomata and epidermal cells occurred in the similar location of immature leaves of the same phyllotaxis. In addition, two spacing patterns (one stoma, one long cell and one short cell row) probably exist in rice leaves.