Geodynamics of the northern Andes: Subductions and intracontinental deformation (Colombia)

New regional seismological data acquired in Colombia during 1993 to 1996 and tectonic field data from the Eastern Cordillera (EC) permit a reexamination of the complex geodynamics of northwestern South America. The effect of the accretion of the Baudo-Panama oceanic are, which began 12 Myr ago, is highlighted in connection with mountain building in the EC. The Istmina and Ibague faults in the south and the Santa Marta-Bucaramanga fault to the northeast limit an E-SE moving continental wedge. Progressive indentation of the wedge is absorbed along reverse faults located in the foothills of the Cordilleras (northward of 5 degrees N) and transpressive deformation in the Santander Massif. Crustal seismicity in Colombia is accurately correlated with active faults showing neotectonic morphological evidences. Intermediate seismicity allows to identify a N-NE trending subduction segment beneath the EC, which plunges toward the E-SE. This subduction is interpreted as a remnant of the paleo-Caribbean plateau (PCP) as suggested by geological and tomographic profiles. The PCP shows a low-angle subduction northward of 5.2 degrees N and is limited southward by a major E-W transpressive shear zone. Normal oceanic subduction of the Nazca plate (NP) ends abruptly at the southern limit of the Baudo Range. Northward, the NP subducts beneath the Choco block, overlapping the southern part of the PCP. Cenozoic shortening in the EC estimated from a balanced section is similar to 120 km. Stress analysis of fault slip data in the EC (northward of 4 degrees N), indicates an similar to E-SE orientation of al in agreement with the PCP subduction direction. Northward, near Bucaramanga, two stress solutions were observed: (1) a late Andean N80 degrees E compression and (2) an early Andean NW-SE compression.