Traditional extractants in nontraditional solvents: Groups 1 and 2 extraction by crown ethers in room-temperature ionic liquids

The crown ethers 18-crown-6 (18C6), dicyclohexano-18-crown-6 (DCH18C6), and 4,4'-(5')-di-(tert-butylcyclohexano)-18-crown-6 (Dtb18C6) were dissolved in 1-alkyl-3-methyllmidazolium hexafluorophosphate ([C(n)mim][PF6], n = 4, 6, 8) room-temperature ionic liquids (RTILs) and studied for the extraction of Na+, Cs+, and Sr2+ from aqueous solutions. In the absence of extractant, the distribution ratios for the metal ions indicate a strong preference for the aqueous phase. With the crown ethers as extractants in RTIL-based liquid/liquid separations, the resulting metal ion partitioning depends on the hydrophobicity of the crown ether and also on the composition of the aqueous phase (e.g., concentration of HNO3 vs Al(NO3)(3)). Aqueous solutions of HCl, Na-3 citrate, NaNO3, and HNO3 (the latter at low concentrations) decrease the metal ion distribution ratios and also decrease the water content of the RTIL phase. High concentrations of HNO3 decompose PF6- and increase both the water content and the water solubility of the RTIL phase. Highly hydrated salts such as Al(NO3)(3) and LiNO3 salt out both the RTIL ions and the crown ethers; thus, when the aqueous phase contains Al(NO3)(3), the trend more closely resembles traditional solvent extraction behavior where D-Sr > D-Cs and the most hydrophobic extracting phase produces the highest partitioning. When [C(8)mim][PF6] is used as the extracting phase, the metal ions can be loaded from Al(NO3)(3) and stripped using water. Dtb18C6 forms 1:1 complexes with Cs+ and Sr2+ and also yields the highest distribution ratios out of the three crowns examined. In comparison to traditional solvent extraction behavior, the metal ion partitioning in these systems exhibits exceptional behavior and, in certain instances, suggests a complicated partitioning mechanism, which necessitates a more thorough understanding of RTILs as solvents before interpretation of the results.