Therostasin, a novel clotting factor Xa inhibitor from the rhynchobdellid leech, Theromyzon tessulatum

Therostasin is a potent naturally occurring tight-binding inhibitor of mammalian Factor Xa (K-i, 34 pM), isolated from the rhynchobdellid leech Theromyzon tessulatum, Therostasin is a cysteine-rich protein (8991 Dal consisting of 82 amino acid residues with 16 cysteine residues. Its amino acid sequence has been determined by a combination of techniques, including Edman degradation, enzymatic cleavage, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) on the native and s-beta -pyridylethylated compound. Sequence analysis reveals that it shares no significant homology with other Factor Xa inhibitors except for the putative reactive site. Moreover, it contains a signature pattern for proteins of the endothelin family, potent vasoconstrictors isolated in mammal and snake venom. Therostasin cDNA (825 bp) codes for a polypeptide of 82 amino acid residues preceded by 19 residues, representing a signal peptide sequence. As for the other known inhibitors of Factor Xa, therostasin is expressed and stored in the cells of the leech salivary glands.