Monitoring natural and synthetic estrogens at activated sludge sewage treatment plants and in a receiving river water

Sewage treatment plant (STP) effluents with primarily domestic inputs are strongly suspected to be an important source of natural and synthetic estrogens contaminating the aquatic environment. Even a few ng/L of some of these substances can provoke reproductive disturbances in riverine fish. The main purpose of this investigation has been that of ascertaining whether activated sludge STPs (ASSTPs) are able to produce significant amounts of free estrogens. For this purpose, we have monitored monthly estriol (E-3), estradiol (E-2), estrone (E-1) and ethinylestradiol (EE2) in influents and effluents of six Roman ASSTPs for five months. To do this, we have developed an original analytical method involving analyte extraction with a Carbograph 4 cartridge and LC coupled with negative turbo ion spray tandem mass spectrometry in the selected reaction monitoring mode. Analyte recovery ranged between 86 and 91%, and limits of quantification were below 1 ng/ L. Over five months, inlet concentrations of E-3, E-2, E-1 and EE2 at the six plants averaged respectively 80, 12, 52 and 3.0 ng/L. On the basis of the daily human excretion of conjugated estrogens, the above values suggest that deconjugation oc curs preferentially in sewers. The activated sludge treatment efficiently removed E-3 (95%), E-2 (87%), EE2 (85%), but not E-1 (61%). In four events out of thirty, E-1 outlet levels were even larger than inlet levels. Median concentrations of the two most potent estrogens, that is E-2 and EE2 leaving the six ASSTPs were respectively 1 and 0.45 ng/L. Ana lysis of a river (Tiber) water sampled downstream of small towns whose sewages are treated by percolating filter STPs or directly discharged into the river revealed the presence of all four estrogens at levels between 0.04 (EE2) and 1.5 ng/L (E-1).