TRAP: a modelling approach to below-ground carbon allocation in temperate forests

Tree root systems, which play a major role in below-ground carbon (C) dynamics, are one of the key research areas for estimating long-term C cycling in forest ecosystems. In addition to regulating major C fluxes in the present conditions, tree root systems potentially hold numerous controls over forest responses to a changing environment. The predominant contribution of tree root systems to below-ground C dynamics has been given little emphasis in forest models. We developed the TRAP model, i.e. Tree Root Allocation of Photosynthates, to predict the partitioning of photosynthates between the fine and coarse root systems of trees among series of soil layers. TRAP simulates root system responses to soil stress factors affecting root growth. Validation data were obtained from two Belgian experimental forests, one mostly composed of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and the other of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). TRAP accurately predicted (R = 0.88) night-time CO2 fluxes from the beech forest for a 3-year period. Total fine root biomass of beech was predicted within 6% of measured values, and simulation of fine root distribution among soil layers was accurate. Our simulations suggest that increased soil resistance to root penetration due to reduced soil water content during summer droughts is the major mechanism affecting the distribution of root growth among soil layers of temperate Belgian forests. The simulated annual rate of C input to soil litter due to the fine root turnover of the Scots pine was 207 g C m(-2) yr(-1). The TRAP model predicts that fine root turnover is the single most important source of C to the temperate forest soils of Belgium.