Diseases of glycosylation beyond classical congenital disorders of glycosylation

Background: Diseases of glycosylation are rare inherited disorders, which are often referred to as congenital disorders of glycosylation (CDG). Several types of CDG have been described in the last decades, encompassing defects of nucleotide-sugar biosynthesis. nucleotide-sugar transporters, glycosyltransferases and vesicular transport. Although clinically heterogeneous, most types of CDG are associated with neurological impairments ranging from severe psychomotor retardation to moderate intellectual disabilities. COG are mainly caused by defects of N-glycosylation, owing to the simple detection of under-glycosylated serum transferrin by isoelectric focusing. Scope of review: In the last years, several disorders of O-glycosylation, glycolipid and glycosaminoglycan biosynthesis have been described, which are known by trivial names not directly associated with the family of COG. The present review outlines 64 gene defects affecting glycan biosynthesis and modifications, thereby underlining the complexity of glycosylation pathways and pointing to unexpected phenotypes and functional redundancies in the control of glycoconjugate biosynthesis. Major conclusions: The increasing application of whole-genome sequencing techniques unravels new defects of glycosylation, which are associated to moderate forms of mental disabilities. General significance: The knowledge gathered through the investigation of COG increases the understanding of the functions associated to protein glycosylation in humans. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled Glycoproteomics. (C) 2012 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.