Pseudomonas aeruginosa ExoT inhibits in vitro lung epithelial wound repair

The nosocomial pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa causes clinical infection in the setting of pre-existing epithelial tissue damage, an association that is mirrored by the increased ability of P. aeruginosa to bind, invade and damage injured epithelial cells in vitro. In this study, we report that P. aeroginosa inhibits the process of epithelial wound repair in vitro through the type III-secreted bacterial protein ExoT, a GTPase-activating protein (GAP) for Rho family GTPases. This inhibition primarily targets cells at the edge of the wound, and causes actin cytoskeleton collapse, cell rounding and cell detachment. ExoT-dependent inhibition of wound repair is mediated through the GAP activity of this bacterial protein, as mutations in ExoT that alter the conserved arginine (R149) within the GAP domain abolish the ability of P. aeruginosa to inhibit wound closure. Because ExoT can also inhibit P. aeruginosa internalization by phagocytes and epithelial cells, this protein may contribute to the in vivo virulence of P. aeruginosa by allowing organisms both to overcome local host defences, such as an intact epithelial barrier, and to evade phagocytosis by immune effector cells.