Plasmodium falciparum induces a Th1/Th2 disequilibrium, favoring the Th1-type pathway, in the human placenta

During pregnancy, a local and systemic Th2 bias of maternal immunity favors Th1-dependent infections such as malaria. This study measured cytokines secreted in cultures of chorionic villi, placental blood cells (PBC), and serum in term placentas from 88 malaria-infected and -noninfected Cameroon women. Interleukin (IL)-2 and -4 were consistently low; IL-1 beta, IL-6, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, and transforming growth factor (TGF)-beta2 were highest in villi cultures. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha, interferon (IFN)-gamma, and IL-10 were highest in PBC cultures. Malaria placental infection increased Th1-type cytokines, whereas Th2-type cytokines and TGF-beta2 were unchanged. Addition of lipopolysaccharide or infected erythrocytes to cultures increased TNF-alpha, IL-1 beta, IL-6, and IL-10 secretions but not those of IFN-gamma and IL-4. Overall, Plasmodium falciparum induced a placental immune response involving both Th1- and Th2-type cell activation. Although the Th1 pathway was favored, IL-10 secretion was also increased, and this increase should be effective in protecting the placenta by controlling the negative effects of Th1 cytokines on pregnancy.