Direct numerical simulation of flow and heat transfer from a sphere in a uniform cross-flow

Direct numerical solution for flow and heat transfer past a sphere in a uniform flow is obtained ruing an accurate and efficient Fourier-Chebyshev spectral collocation method for Reynolds numbers lip to 500. We investigate the flow and temperature fields over a range of Reynolds numbers, showing steady and axisymmetric flow when the Reynolds number is less than 210, steady and nonaxisymmetric flow without vortex shedding when the Reynolds number is between 210 and 270, and unsteady three-dimensional flow with vortex shedding when the Reynolds number is above 270. Results from three-dimensional simulation are compared with the corresponding axisymmetric simulations for Re > 210 in order to see the effect of unsteadiness and three-dimensionality on heat transfer past a sphere. The local Nusselt number distribution obtained from the 3D simulation shows big differences in the wake region compared with axisymmetric one, when there exists strong vortex shedding in the wake. But the differences in surface-average Nusselt number between axisymmetric and three-dimensional simulations are small owing to the smaller surface area associated with the base region. The shedding process is observed to be dominantly one-sided and as a result axisymmetry of the surface hear transfer is broken even after a time-average. The one-sided shedding also results in a time-averaged mean lift force on the sphere.